Pakistan Army is the largest military branch in the country. Pakistan Army has the reputation of being powerful, experienced, and professional. Pakistan Army with an active force of 619,000 personnel and 528,000 personnel in reserve makes Pakistan a seventh largest military force in the world. The main responsibilities of the army is to protect the borders, security of administrative areas, and defending the national interests of Pakistan within the framework of its international obligations.
Pakistan Army has a rich combat experience. This comes with fighting multiple wars throughout the short history of Pakistan. Pakistan Army now also specializes in counter-terrorism efforts due to its collaboration in the War on Terror. In addition to its role on the War on Terror, Pakistan Army is also responsible of contributing towards the United Nations peacekeeping efforts. Pakistan Army recently grabbed the title of being the largest active force in the peacekeeping efforts by the United Nations.
Cheif of Army Staff, General Ashfaq Pervez Kiyani currently has the honours to lead this prestigious military organization. Currently Pakistan Army’s active duty personnel as well as the reserves continue to protect our nation day and night from the terrorists and other anti-Pakistani national interests.
Tuesday, December 8, 2009
Military Intelligence
The three main intelligence agencies in Pakistan are ISI, Military Intelligence [MI] and the Intelligence Bureau [IB]. Each agency has its own specific responsibilities, but all share the common goal of preserving Paksitan's national security. Since any significant domestic or foreign political activity impinges on national security, there has traditinally been considerable overlap in the activities of these three agencies.
Prior to the imposition of Martial Law in 1958, Military Intelligence reported to the Commander-in-Chief of the Army (C-in-C). When martial Law was promulgated in 1958 all the intelligence agencies fell under the direct control of the President and Chief Martial Law Administrator, and the three intelligence agencies began competing to demonstrate their loyalty to Ayub Khan and his government. The ISI and the MI became extremely active during the l964 presidential election keeping politicians, particularly the East Pakistanis, under surveillance.
Military Intelligence activities include operations in Sindh against Indian intelligence operatives. This organization, implicted in arrests of innocent people, monitors the activities of the leaders of political opposition groups.
Prior to the imposition of Martial Law in 1958, Military Intelligence reported to the Commander-in-Chief of the Army (C-in-C). When martial Law was promulgated in 1958 all the intelligence agencies fell under the direct control of the President and Chief Martial Law Administrator, and the three intelligence agencies began competing to demonstrate their loyalty to Ayub Khan and his government. The ISI and the MI became extremely active during the l964 presidential election keeping politicians, particularly the East Pakistanis, under surveillance.
Military Intelligence activities include operations in Sindh against Indian intelligence operatives. This organization, implicted in arrests of innocent people, monitors the activities of the leaders of political opposition groups.
Intelligence Bureau
The three main intelligence agencies in Pakistan are ISI, Military Intelligence [MI] and the Intelligence Bureau [IB]. Each agency has its own specific responsibilities, but all share the common goal of preserving Paksitan's national security. Since any significant domestic or foreign political activity impinges on national security, there has traditinally been considerable overlap in the activities of these three agencies. The ISI and MI have generally focused on matters of immediate military interest, and the IB concentrated on domestic political activities.
Prior to the imposition of Martial Law in 1958, the IB reported directly to the Prime Minister and the two military agencies to the Commander-in-Chief of the Army (C-in-C). When martial Law was promulgated in 1958 all the intelligence agencies fell under the direct control of the President and Chief Martial Law Administrator, and the three intelligence agencies began competing to demonstrate their loyalty to Ayub Khan and his government.
The Intelligence Bureau monitors politicians, political activists, suspected terrorists, and suspected foreign intelligence agents.The IB keeps tabs on political operatives from countries it considers hostile to Pakistan's interests, and it is responsible for harassing domestic opposition parties. Credible reports indicate that the authorities commonly resort to wiretapping and occasionally intercept and open mail.
The Intelligence Bureau is under the Prime Minister's cabinet division. A total of Rs. 25.8 million was spent on the IB in 1976-77. The Intelligence Bureau grew in importance with the re-election of Benazir Bhutto in 1993. One of her most controversial appointments to government posts was that of Masood Sharif as Director General Intelligence Bureau. Sharif was believed to have played an active role in toppling the Shabir Shah government in the North West Frontier Province (NWFP). His appointment precipitated a major crisis in the Pakistani state apparatus, because Benazir then began using the IB chief to erode the once all powerful ISI's base. Benazir's attempts to root out the influence of military intelligence in the country's internal affairs mirrored the failed efforts of her father in the 1970s. This was the last straw as far as the military was concerned.
In his order dismissing Prime Minister Bhutto on 05 November 1996, President Leghari accused the Government of massive illegal wiretapping, including the telephone conversations of judges, political party leaders, and military and civilian officials. One of the first acts of President Leghari after dismissing Benazir was to imprison Masood Sharif, head of Intelligence Bureau under Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. He was arrested and imprisoned, not on corruption charges but as part of a murder investigation.
On 15 December 1996, the caretaker government announced that effective immediately all foreign and domestic mail was to be subject to censorship by the Special Branch and the Intelligence Bureau.
Prior to the imposition of Martial Law in 1958, the IB reported directly to the Prime Minister and the two military agencies to the Commander-in-Chief of the Army (C-in-C). When martial Law was promulgated in 1958 all the intelligence agencies fell under the direct control of the President and Chief Martial Law Administrator, and the three intelligence agencies began competing to demonstrate their loyalty to Ayub Khan and his government.
The Intelligence Bureau monitors politicians, political activists, suspected terrorists, and suspected foreign intelligence agents.The IB keeps tabs on political operatives from countries it considers hostile to Pakistan's interests, and it is responsible for harassing domestic opposition parties. Credible reports indicate that the authorities commonly resort to wiretapping and occasionally intercept and open mail.
The Intelligence Bureau is under the Prime Minister's cabinet division. A total of Rs. 25.8 million was spent on the IB in 1976-77. The Intelligence Bureau grew in importance with the re-election of Benazir Bhutto in 1993. One of her most controversial appointments to government posts was that of Masood Sharif as Director General Intelligence Bureau. Sharif was believed to have played an active role in toppling the Shabir Shah government in the North West Frontier Province (NWFP). His appointment precipitated a major crisis in the Pakistani state apparatus, because Benazir then began using the IB chief to erode the once all powerful ISI's base. Benazir's attempts to root out the influence of military intelligence in the country's internal affairs mirrored the failed efforts of her father in the 1970s. This was the last straw as far as the military was concerned.
In his order dismissing Prime Minister Bhutto on 05 November 1996, President Leghari accused the Government of massive illegal wiretapping, including the telephone conversations of judges, political party leaders, and military and civilian officials. One of the first acts of President Leghari after dismissing Benazir was to imprison Masood Sharif, head of Intelligence Bureau under Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. He was arrested and imprisoned, not on corruption charges but as part of a murder investigation.
On 15 December 1996, the caretaker government announced that effective immediately all foreign and domestic mail was to be subject to censorship by the Special Branch and the Intelligence Bureau.
Pakistan Intelligence - Background
Pakistan's foreign policy stance shifted significantly in 1953 when it accepted the United States offer of military and economic assistance in return for membership in an alliance system designed to contain international communism. When the administration of Dwight D. Eisenhower sought a series of alliances in the "Northern Tier"--Pakistan, Iran, and Turkey--and in East Asia, Pakistan became a candidate for membership in each. In 1954 Pakistan signed a Mutual Defense Agreement with the United States and became a member of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO). The following year, Pakistan joined Iran, Iraq, and Turkey in the Baghdad Pact, later converted into the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) after Iraq's withdrawal in 1959. Pakistan also leased bases to the United States for intelligence -gathering and communications facilities. Pakistan saw these agreements not as bulwarks against Soviet or Chinese aggression, but as a means to bolster itself against India.
During the regime of General Ziaul Haq, CIA provided ISI a large quantity of espionage equipment along with training and other information. Initially Pakistani intelligence was trained along British lines, but subsequently CIA, trained 200 ISI officers in improved intelligence methods.
Throughout the years of Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, relations between the United States and Pakistan were best characterized by close cooperation. Still, United States policy makers became increasingly concerned that Zia and his associates- -most notably, General Akhtar Abdur Rahman, then head of the Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence --appeared to give preferential treatment to the Islamic fundamentalists, especially mujahidin leader Gulbaddin Hikmatyar.
During the regime of General Ziaul Haq, CIA provided ISI a large quantity of espionage equipment along with training and other information. Initially Pakistani intelligence was trained along British lines, but subsequently CIA, trained 200 ISI officers in improved intelligence methods.
Throughout the years of Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, relations between the United States and Pakistan were best characterized by close cooperation. Still, United States policy makers became increasingly concerned that Zia and his associates- -most notably, General Akhtar Abdur Rahman, then head of the Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence --appeared to give preferential treatment to the Islamic fundamentalists, especially mujahidin leader Gulbaddin Hikmatyar.
Yousuf skipper for Australia tour
LAHORE: Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) will selection committee will announce the squad for Australia tour after a meeting here today.
Seasoned batsman Muhammad Yousuf likely to be retained as captain for the upcoming Test and one-day series against Australia.
With Younus Khan unavailable for the tour and Pakistan coming back well against New Zealand by winning the second Test, Yousuf is expected to lead the side in Australia.
Pakistan are scheduled to play three Tests, five one-day internationals and one Twenty20 game in December 19 to February 5 tour.
Three members of Pakistan team i.e. Khurram Manzoor, Yasir Arafat and Sarfaraz Ahmed likely to return back home from New Zealand.
Seasoned batsman Muhammad Yousuf likely to be retained as captain for the upcoming Test and one-day series against Australia.
With Younus Khan unavailable for the tour and Pakistan coming back well against New Zealand by winning the second Test, Yousuf is expected to lead the side in Australia.
Pakistan are scheduled to play three Tests, five one-day internationals and one Twenty20 game in December 19 to February 5 tour.
Three members of Pakistan team i.e. Khurram Manzoor, Yasir Arafat and Sarfaraz Ahmed likely to return back home from New Zealand.
Yousuf skipper for Australia tour
LAHORE: Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) will selection committee will announce the squad for Australia tour after a meeting here today.
Seasoned batsman Muhammad Yousuf likely to be retained as captain for the upcoming Test and one-day series against Australia.
With Younus Khan unavailable for the tour and Pakistan coming back well against New Zealand by winning the second Test, Yousuf is expected to lead the side in Australia.
Pakistan are scheduled to play three Tests, five one-day internationals and one Twenty20 game in December 19 to February 5 tour.
Three members of Pakistan team i.e. Khurram Manzoor, Yasir Arafat and Sarfaraz Ahmed likely to return back home from New Zealand.
Seasoned batsman Muhammad Yousuf likely to be retained as captain for the upcoming Test and one-day series against Australia.
With Younus Khan unavailable for the tour and Pakistan coming back well against New Zealand by winning the second Test, Yousuf is expected to lead the side in Australia.
Pakistan are scheduled to play three Tests, five one-day internationals and one Twenty20 game in December 19 to February 5 tour.
Three members of Pakistan team i.e. Khurram Manzoor, Yasir Arafat and Sarfaraz Ahmed likely to return back home from New Zealand.
Sunday, October 11, 2009
Thursday, August 20, 2009
All Chinese Mobile Code And Pinouts
All Chinese Mobile Code And Pinouts
hi
Service codes BenQ:
software version: *#300#
test mode: *#302*20040615#
Service codes Pantech:
software version: *01763*79837#
service menu: *01763*476#
reset defaults (phone/user code reset to default): *01763*737381#
Service codes **x, 5xx:
software version: *#79#
software version: *#837#
Service codes VK200, VK2000, VK2010, VK2020, VK4000:
software version: *#79#
service menu: *#9998*8336# (hold #)
reset defaults (phone/user code reset to default): *#9998*7328# (hold #)
Service codes LG:
software version: 2945#*#
Service codes Sony-Ericsson:
J100 software version: #82#
Service codes Fly:
2040(i) reset defaults: *#987*99# Send
MX200 reset defaults: *#987*99# Send
MX200 software version: *#900# Send
SL300m reset defaults: *#987*99# Send
SL300m software version: *#900# Send
SL500m reset defaults: *#987*99# Send
SL500m software version: *#900# Send
MP500 reset defaults: *#987*99# Send
MP500 software version: *#900# Send
Set language to English: *#0044#
Set language to Russian: *#0007#
Service codes Konka:
C926 software version: *320# Send
C926 set default language: *#0000# Send
C926 set English language: *#0044# Send
Service codes GStar:
GM208 (Chinese Nokea 6230+) engineering menu: *#66*#
Set language to English: *#0044#
Set language to Russian: *#0007#
Service codes Motorola:
Motofone F3 software version: **9999* Send
C113, C114, C115, C115i, C116, C117, C118 software version: #02#*
C138, C139, C140 software version: #02#*
C155, C156, C157 software version: #02#*
C257, C261 software version: #02#*
V171, V172, V173 software version: #02#*
V175, V176, V176 software version: #02#*
C168, W220 software version: *#**837#
W208, W375 software version: #02#*
ZTE Mobile:>1- *938*737381#
2- PHONE WILL DIPLAYED DONE
3- POWER OFF YOUR PHONE AND POWER ON AGAIN
alcatel:>E205
unlocking phone code,only press***847# without simcard
E900 software version: *#5002*8376263#
E900 full reset: *2767*3855#
Service codes Spice:
S404 enable COM port: *#42253646633# -> Device -> Set UART -> PS -> UART1/115200
S410 engineer mode: *#3646633#
S900 software version: *#8375#
S900 serial no: *#33778#
Service codes Philips:
S200 enable COM port: *#3338913# -> Device -> Set UART -> PS -> UART1/115200
Service codes "Chinese" models:
default user code: 1122, 3344, 1234, 5678
Engineer mode: *#110*01#
Factory mode: *#987#
Enable COM port: *#110*01# -> Device -> Set UART -> PS Config -> UART1/115200
Restore factory settings: *#987*99#
LCD contrast: *#369#
software version: *#800#
software version: *#900#
Service codes BenQ:
software version: *#300#
test mode: *#302*20040615#
Service codes Pantech:
software version: *01763*79837#
service menu: *01763*476#
reset defaults (phone/user code reset to default): *01763*737381#
Service codes VK-Mobile **x, 5xx:
software version: *#79#
software version: *#837#
service menu: *#85*364# (hold #)
Service codes VK200, VK2000, VK2010, VK2020, VK4000:
software version: *#79#
service menu: *#9998*8336# (hold #)
reset defaults (phone/user code reset to default): *#9998*7328# (hold #)
Service codes LG:
software version: 2945#*#
KG300 NVRAM format: 2945#*# -> menu 15
Service codes Sony-Ericsson:
J100 software version: #82#
Service codes Fly:
M100 software version: ####0000#
2040(i) reset defaults: *#987*99# Send
MX200 reset defaults: *#987*99# Send
MX200 software version: *#900# Send
SL300m reset defaults: *#987*99# Send
SL300m software version: *#900# Send
SL500m reset defaults: *#987*99# Send
SL500m software version: *#900# Send
MP500 reset defaults: *#987*99# Send
MP500 software version: *#900# Send
Set language to English: *#0044#
Set language to Russian: *#0007#
Service codes Konka:
C926 software version: *320# Send
C926 set default language: *#0000# Send
C926 set English language: *#0044# Send
Service codes GStar:
GM208 (Chinese Nokea 6230+) engineering menu: *#66*#
Set language to English: *#0044#
Set language to Russian: *#0007#
Service codes Motofone-F3:
Motofone F3 software version: **9999* Send
***300* Set SIM Pin
***310* / ***311* SIM Pin ON | OFF
***000* Reset Factory settings
***644* Set Voicemail number
***260* / ***261* Auto keypad lock ON | OFF
***510* / ***511* Voice Prompts ON | OFF
***160* / ***161* Restricted Calling (Phonebook only) ON | OFF
***200608* Send: software version
***200606* Send: software version
***200806* Send: flex version
***250* / ***251* Keypad tones ON | OFF
***470* Select time format
***500* /***501* Prepaid Balance Display ON | OFF
***520* Change language
Service codes Motorola:
C113, C114, C115, C115i, C116, C117, C118 software version: #02#*
C138, C139, C140 software version: #02#*
C155, C156, C157 software version: #02#*
C257, C261 software version: #02#*
V171, V172, V173 software version: #02#*
V175, V176, V176 software version: #02#*
C168, W220 software version: *#**837#
W208, W375 software version: #02#*
and "yes"''
hi
Service codes BenQ:
software version: *#300#
test mode: *#302*20040615#
Service codes Pantech:
software version: *01763*79837#
service menu: *01763*476#
reset defaults (phone/user code reset to default): *01763*737381#
Service codes **x, 5xx:
software version: *#79#
software version: *#837#
Service codes VK200, VK2000, VK2010, VK2020, VK4000:
software version: *#79#
service menu: *#9998*8336# (hold #)
reset defaults (phone/user code reset to default): *#9998*7328# (hold #)
Service codes LG:
software version: 2945#*#
Service codes Sony-Ericsson:
J100 software version: #82#
Service codes Fly:
2040(i) reset defaults: *#987*99# Send
MX200 reset defaults: *#987*99# Send
MX200 software version: *#900# Send
SL300m reset defaults: *#987*99# Send
SL300m software version: *#900# Send
SL500m reset defaults: *#987*99# Send
SL500m software version: *#900# Send
MP500 reset defaults: *#987*99# Send
MP500 software version: *#900# Send
Set language to English: *#0044#
Set language to Russian: *#0007#
Service codes Konka:
C926 software version: *320# Send
C926 set default language: *#0000# Send
C926 set English language: *#0044# Send
Service codes GStar:
GM208 (Chinese Nokea 6230+) engineering menu: *#66*#
Set language to English: *#0044#
Set language to Russian: *#0007#
Service codes Motorola:
Motofone F3 software version: **9999* Send
C113, C114, C115, C115i, C116, C117, C118 software version: #02#*
C138, C139, C140 software version: #02#*
C155, C156, C157 software version: #02#*
C257, C261 software version: #02#*
V171, V172, V173 software version: #02#*
V175, V176, V176 software version: #02#*
C168, W220 software version: *#**837#
W208, W375 software version: #02#*
ZTE Mobile:>1- *938*737381#
2- PHONE WILL DIPLAYED DONE
3- POWER OFF YOUR PHONE AND POWER ON AGAIN
alcatel:>E205
unlocking phone code,only press***847# without simcard
E900 software version: *#5002*8376263#
E900 full reset: *2767*3855#
Service codes Spice:
S404 enable COM port: *#42253646633# -> Device -> Set UART -> PS -> UART1/115200
S410 engineer mode: *#3646633#
S900 software version: *#8375#
S900 serial no: *#33778#
Service codes Philips:
S200 enable COM port: *#3338913# -> Device -> Set UART -> PS -> UART1/115200
Service codes "Chinese" models:
default user code: 1122, 3344, 1234, 5678
Engineer mode: *#110*01#
Factory mode: *#987#
Enable COM port: *#110*01# -> Device -> Set UART -> PS Config -> UART1/115200
Restore factory settings: *#987*99#
LCD contrast: *#369#
software version: *#800#
software version: *#900#
Service codes BenQ:
software version: *#300#
test mode: *#302*20040615#
Service codes Pantech:
software version: *01763*79837#
service menu: *01763*476#
reset defaults (phone/user code reset to default): *01763*737381#
Service codes VK-Mobile **x, 5xx:
software version: *#79#
software version: *#837#
service menu: *#85*364# (hold #)
Service codes VK200, VK2000, VK2010, VK2020, VK4000:
software version: *#79#
service menu: *#9998*8336# (hold #)
reset defaults (phone/user code reset to default): *#9998*7328# (hold #)
Service codes LG:
software version: 2945#*#
KG300 NVRAM format: 2945#*# -> menu 15
Service codes Sony-Ericsson:
J100 software version: #82#
Service codes Fly:
M100 software version: ####0000#
2040(i) reset defaults: *#987*99# Send
MX200 reset defaults: *#987*99# Send
MX200 software version: *#900# Send
SL300m reset defaults: *#987*99# Send
SL300m software version: *#900# Send
SL500m reset defaults: *#987*99# Send
SL500m software version: *#900# Send
MP500 reset defaults: *#987*99# Send
MP500 software version: *#900# Send
Set language to English: *#0044#
Set language to Russian: *#0007#
Service codes Konka:
C926 software version: *320# Send
C926 set default language: *#0000# Send
C926 set English language: *#0044# Send
Service codes GStar:
GM208 (Chinese Nokea 6230+) engineering menu: *#66*#
Set language to English: *#0044#
Set language to Russian: *#0007#
Service codes Motofone-F3:
Motofone F3 software version: **9999* Send
***300* Set SIM Pin
***310* / ***311* SIM Pin ON | OFF
***000* Reset Factory settings
***644* Set Voicemail number
***260* / ***261* Auto keypad lock ON | OFF
***510* / ***511* Voice Prompts ON | OFF
***160* / ***161* Restricted Calling (Phonebook only) ON | OFF
***200608* Send: software version
***200606* Send: software version
***200806* Send: flex version
***250* / ***251* Keypad tones ON | OFF
***470* Select time format
***500* /***501* Prepaid Balance Display ON | OFF
***520* Change language
Service codes Motorola:
C113, C114, C115, C115i, C116, C117, C118 software version: #02#*
C138, C139, C140 software version: #02#*
C155, C156, C157 software version: #02#*
C257, C261 software version: #02#*
V171, V172, V173 software version: #02#*
V175, V176, V176 software version: #02#*
C168, W220 software version: *#**837#
W208, W375 software version: #02#*
and "yes"''
Tuesday, May 5, 2009
Digital Opportunity in Asia-Pacific
Asia-Pacific continues to lead the world in digital opportunity, home to five of the top ten countries in digital opportunity. The Republic of Korea ranks first in digital opportunity with a DOI score of 0.80, but its lead is being fast eroded by Japan's strong gains in mobile broadband subscribership, which boosted its DOI score to 0.77. If current growth rates continue, Japan could overtake the Republic of Korea as early as next year.
Digital Opportunity Index measures advanced technologies such as broadband Internet and 3G mobile, which means that it is ideally designed to capture the growth in these markets. In Singapore, the "wired island", fixed broadband Internet subscribers rose as a proportion of the Internet subscriber base from 70% to 83%, which boosted its Utilization Index and catapulted it to fifth place in the world rankings.
Asia-Pacific also encapsulates a regional digital divide, however. It is home to Myanmar, with the third-lowest digital opportunity in the world, at 0.04, as well as Afghanistan, Cambodia, Lao PDR and Korea PDR. These are issues that organisations such as the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) (which has launched an e-ASEAN Framework Agreement) and LirneASIA are fighting to address.
Digital Opportunity Index measures advanced technologies such as broadband Internet and 3G mobile, which means that it is ideally designed to capture the growth in these markets. In Singapore, the "wired island", fixed broadband Internet subscribers rose as a proportion of the Internet subscriber base from 70% to 83%, which boosted its Utilization Index and catapulted it to fifth place in the world rankings.
Asia-Pacific also encapsulates a regional digital divide, however. It is home to Myanmar, with the third-lowest digital opportunity in the world, at 0.04, as well as Afghanistan, Cambodia, Lao PDR and Korea PDR. These are issues that organisations such as the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) (which has launched an e-ASEAN Framework Agreement) and LirneASIA are fighting to address.
Autonomic Nervous System
What is the autonomic nervous system?
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a regulatory branch of the central nervous system that helps people adapt to changes in their environment. It adjusts or modifies some functions in response to stress. The ANS helps regulate...
blood vessels' size and blood pressure
the heart's electrical activity and ability to contract
the bronchium's (BRON'ke-um) diameter (and thus air flow) in the lungs
The ANS also regulates the movement and work of the stomach, intestine and salivary glands, the secretion of insulin and the urinary and sexual functions. The ANS acts through a balance of its two components, the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.
What is autonomic failure?
Malfunction of the ANS is called autonomic failure. It results from an imbalance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Aging is associated with several abnormalities in ANS function that can impair elderly people's adaptation to stress.
The most common signs of ANS impairment are ...
a drop in blood pressure when a person is standing or stands up suddenly (orthostatic hypotension) or
a drop in blood pressure within one hour of eating a meal (postprandial hypotension).
The drop in blood pressure causes inadequate blood flow to the brain. That's why it's common for people with this problem to feel dizzy or lightheaded. These conditions occur more often in people with high blood pressure.
Several abnormalities make normal elderly people more likely to have low blood pressure. The onset of disease in old age, such as diabetes, stroke and Parkinson's disease, as well as medications used to treat them, may have other adverse effects in the ANS that are obvious in the cardiovascular system.
How is autonomic failure diagnosed and treated?
There are many tests of the ANS. Most of them easy to perform but hard to interpret individually. The most valuable diagnostic resources are a carefully taken history and a physical exam.
So far there's no cure for autonomic disorders. Still, several physical measures and drugs can help people with autonomic failure prevent low blood pressure or feel less uncomfortable during episodes.
Applying external pressure to the lower half of the body helps prevent blood from pooling in the legs. This maintains blood pressure and improves blood flow to the brain. Custom-fitted counterpressure support garments are used for this.
Physical maneuvers are easy to apply and effective in combating standing dizziness. Leg-crossing, squatting, abdominal compression and bending forward are examples of these maneuvers.
Fludrocortisone (FLOO'dro-COR'tih-sOn) is a drug that's been very successful in retaining water and maintaining blood pressure in autonomic failure. Many patients respond to a combination of the maneuvers listed above and fludrocortisone. For more severe cases, further drug intervention is required.
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a regulatory branch of the central nervous system that helps people adapt to changes in their environment. It adjusts or modifies some functions in response to stress. The ANS helps regulate...
blood vessels' size and blood pressure
the heart's electrical activity and ability to contract
the bronchium's (BRON'ke-um) diameter (and thus air flow) in the lungs
The ANS also regulates the movement and work of the stomach, intestine and salivary glands, the secretion of insulin and the urinary and sexual functions. The ANS acts through a balance of its two components, the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.
What is autonomic failure?
Malfunction of the ANS is called autonomic failure. It results from an imbalance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Aging is associated with several abnormalities in ANS function that can impair elderly people's adaptation to stress.
The most common signs of ANS impairment are ...
a drop in blood pressure when a person is standing or stands up suddenly (orthostatic hypotension) or
a drop in blood pressure within one hour of eating a meal (postprandial hypotension).
The drop in blood pressure causes inadequate blood flow to the brain. That's why it's common for people with this problem to feel dizzy or lightheaded. These conditions occur more often in people with high blood pressure.
Several abnormalities make normal elderly people more likely to have low blood pressure. The onset of disease in old age, such as diabetes, stroke and Parkinson's disease, as well as medications used to treat them, may have other adverse effects in the ANS that are obvious in the cardiovascular system.
How is autonomic failure diagnosed and treated?
There are many tests of the ANS. Most of them easy to perform but hard to interpret individually. The most valuable diagnostic resources are a carefully taken history and a physical exam.
So far there's no cure for autonomic disorders. Still, several physical measures and drugs can help people with autonomic failure prevent low blood pressure or feel less uncomfortable during episodes.
Applying external pressure to the lower half of the body helps prevent blood from pooling in the legs. This maintains blood pressure and improves blood flow to the brain. Custom-fitted counterpressure support garments are used for this.
Physical maneuvers are easy to apply and effective in combating standing dizziness. Leg-crossing, squatting, abdominal compression and bending forward are examples of these maneuvers.
Fludrocortisone (FLOO'dro-COR'tih-sOn) is a drug that's been very successful in retaining water and maintaining blood pressure in autonomic failure. Many patients respond to a combination of the maneuvers listed above and fludrocortisone. For more severe cases, further drug intervention is required.
Shaping the future mobile information society
In recent years, the world has seen an explosion in the growth of information and communication technologies, and particularly mobile communications. 2002 marked a turning point in the history of telecommunications in that the number of mobile subscribers overtook the number of fixed-line subscribers on a global scale, and mobile became the dominant technology for voice communications. Indeed, the mobile phone has moved beyond being a mere technological object to become a key "social object" present in every aspect of our daily lives.
The combination of mobile with Internet and IP-based technologies, and the integration of fixed and mobile technologies, raises a host of possibilities for innovative applications and new modes of interaction. Wireless applications of pervasive or ubiquitous technologies conjure up images of intelligent homes and always-on human monitoring. Already, location-based technologies can help police and parents protect children from abductions or other forms of crimes. Combined with customized advertising, such location technologies can be a boon to retailers wishing to promote their products to potential buyers passing by. Multimedia messaging services (MMS) and streaming mobile video are opening up more exciting person-to-person services and customized entertainment. Although predicting the future is a risky business in the telecommunication industry, an understanding of the key technologies for "everywhere, anytime" mobile that are being developed can allow us to have some grasp on the shape and direction of the future mobile information society.
The question that is raised is whether we are well-equipped as a society, and as individuals, to live in a world of technological ubiquity, a world in which an intelligent microwave warms up your dinner before you get home, or your mobile phone tells you that your husband is still at the supermarket. Consider the use of tiny Radio Frequency ID tags imbedded into clothing to help retail businesses track inventory. Will these remain active once the item has been purchased and what kind of information will be collected? The new generation of always-on, anytime, anyplace technologies may allow for levels of convenience, but also of surveillance, unknown and unimagined by earlier generations. At the dawn of this new age, it is important to consider what effect these technologies are having on the way we grow, interact, socialize and learn.
The combination of mobile with Internet and IP-based technologies, and the integration of fixed and mobile technologies, raises a host of possibilities for innovative applications and new modes of interaction. Wireless applications of pervasive or ubiquitous technologies conjure up images of intelligent homes and always-on human monitoring. Already, location-based technologies can help police and parents protect children from abductions or other forms of crimes. Combined with customized advertising, such location technologies can be a boon to retailers wishing to promote their products to potential buyers passing by. Multimedia messaging services (MMS) and streaming mobile video are opening up more exciting person-to-person services and customized entertainment. Although predicting the future is a risky business in the telecommunication industry, an understanding of the key technologies for "everywhere, anytime" mobile that are being developed can allow us to have some grasp on the shape and direction of the future mobile information society.
The question that is raised is whether we are well-equipped as a society, and as individuals, to live in a world of technological ubiquity, a world in which an intelligent microwave warms up your dinner before you get home, or your mobile phone tells you that your husband is still at the supermarket. Consider the use of tiny Radio Frequency ID tags imbedded into clothing to help retail businesses track inventory. Will these remain active once the item has been purchased and what kind of information will be collected? The new generation of always-on, anytime, anyplace technologies may allow for levels of convenience, but also of surveillance, unknown and unimagined by earlier generations. At the dawn of this new age, it is important to consider what effect these technologies are having on the way we grow, interact, socialize and learn.
Friday, February 20, 2009
PTA to incept new SIM activation system
Chairman Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA), Dr. Mohammed Yaseen, has said that all arrangements have been finalized for the inception of new system for issuance of non-activated SIMs and their activation after verification from February 01, 2009.
He said this during a visit to Call Center and Customer Services Center of CM Pak Mobile (Zong) here today. On this occasion Chairman PTA witnessed the demonstration of new system of activation of mobile phone SIMs and enquired about the verification process.
He asked questions about the new system from the Call Center representatives. Deputy CEO China Mobile Mr. Zafar Usmani briefed him about the preparation for this system and showed his satisfaction on it.
It may be noted that earlier pre-activated SIMs were being sold in the market and could be used instantly after purchase. In contrast, in the new system, a non activated SIM would be sold to the consumer after checking his original CNIC and filling of Cellular Service Agreement (CSA) form. The consumer will then call 789 from same SIM and Call Center would ask few questions to verify the data provided by the consumer. After online verification from NADRA, if answers were correct SIM would be activated. In case of incorrect answers consumer will contact NADRA Swift Center or Customer Services Center of the concerned mobile operator.
Chairman PTA said that this is a new system and it has been adopted for the safety and convenience of consumers. He said that after this system is implemented, it is expected that usage of unnamed SIMs for anti-social activities would be reduced. Dr. Mohammed Yaseen said that this system has been made operational after concerted efforts of PTA and with the help of all mobile operators. He also appealed to the mobile consumers to cooperate with mobile companies for the smooth functioning of this system.
He said this during a visit to Call Center and Customer Services Center of CM Pak Mobile (Zong) here today. On this occasion Chairman PTA witnessed the demonstration of new system of activation of mobile phone SIMs and enquired about the verification process.
He asked questions about the new system from the Call Center representatives. Deputy CEO China Mobile Mr. Zafar Usmani briefed him about the preparation for this system and showed his satisfaction on it.
It may be noted that earlier pre-activated SIMs were being sold in the market and could be used instantly after purchase. In contrast, in the new system, a non activated SIM would be sold to the consumer after checking his original CNIC and filling of Cellular Service Agreement (CSA) form. The consumer will then call 789 from same SIM and Call Center would ask few questions to verify the data provided by the consumer. After online verification from NADRA, if answers were correct SIM would be activated. In case of incorrect answers consumer will contact NADRA Swift Center or Customer Services Center of the concerned mobile operator.
Chairman PTA said that this is a new system and it has been adopted for the safety and convenience of consumers. He said that after this system is implemented, it is expected that usage of unnamed SIMs for anti-social activities would be reduced. Dr. Mohammed Yaseen said that this system has been made operational after concerted efforts of PTA and with the help of all mobile operators. He also appealed to the mobile consumers to cooperate with mobile companies for the smooth functioning of this system.
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